Two centuries of how work has changed — pick a role to see it move.
A free, citation-backed historical viewer for 108 occupations. Every datapoint cited. Drag a slider across two centuries; see employment, wages, tool eras, and the projection cone.
Management7 roles
- General and Operations Managers ↗3.5M workers · 193 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI management layer — Microsoft 365 Copilot (2023), Asana AI (2025), Tableau Pulse (2024), Agentforce Operations (2026)
- Computer and Information Systems Managers ↗667k workers · 72 yrs covered
Latest tool eraGenerative AI governance — ChatGPT enterprise (2023), Chief AI Officer titles, AI security surface
- Sales Managers ↗620k workers · 126 yrs covered
Latest tool eraGenerative AI sales coaching — Salesforce Einstein GPT (2023), HubSpot ChatSpot (2023), Microsoft Sales Copilot (2023)
- Medical and Health Services Managers ↗616k workers · 135 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI operations platforms — Epic Cosmos AI, Oracle Health Clinical AI Agent, AKASA, Innovaccer
- Marketing Managers ↗407k workers · 103 yrs covered
Latest tool eraGenerative AI copywriting (ChatGPT, Claude, Jasper, Copy.ai) + AI ad-creative (Meta Advantage+, Google Performance Max) + AI-native analytics
- Chief Executives ↗309k workers · 223 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI decision support — board-meeting assistants, strategy-memo drafting, LLM executive tools (2023+)
- Transportation, Storage, and Distribution Managers ↗217k workers · 165 yrs covered
Latest tool eraCOVID crisis + generative AI demand forecasting (o9 Solutions, Blue Yonder) + reshoring-driven growth
Business & Financial8 roles
- Accountants and Auditors ↗1.6M workers · 147 yrs covered
Latest tool eraGenerative AI bookkeeping agents — Pilot, Vic.ai autonomous AP, Klarity
- Human Resources Specialists ↗944k workers · 133 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAgentic HR AI + AI-bias governance — Workday AI agents, ServiceNow, Moveworks, Workday class-action (2024)
- Purchasing Agents, Except Wholesale, Retail, and Farm Products ↗522k workers · 119 yrs covered
Latest tool eraGenerative AI procurement agents + COVID nearshoring + Russia-Ukraine sanctions layer
- Claims Adjusters, Examiners, and Investigators ↗356k workers · 282 yrs covered
Latest tool eraGenerative AI claim adjustment — autonomous FNOL, LLM-assisted investigation
- Personal Financial Advisors ↗326k workers · 65 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-augmented financial planning — FP Alpha, Morgan Stanley AI Assistant, Conquest Planning
- Loan Officers ↗301k workers · 252 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI underwriting models — Upstart's neural network, bank LLM integrations
- Cost Estimators ↗221k workers · 141 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI quantity takeoff — Togal.AI, Buildots, Spetz, AI-assisted document analysis
- Tax Preparers ↗91k workers · 121 yrs covered
Latest tool eraIRS Direct File pilot (2024) + Intuit GenAI Tax Assist + AI-powered preparation
Computer & Mathematical4 roles
- Software Developers ↗1.6M workers · 89 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAgent coders — Devin, Claude Code, Aider, Copilot Workspace
- Information Security Analysts ↗180k workers · 45 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-augmented SOC (CrowdStrike Charlotte AI, Microsoft Security Copilot 2024)
- Computer Programmers ↗121k workers · 89 yrs covered
Latest tool eraGitHub Copilot GA (June 21, 2022) + Cursor + Claude Code — AI-native coding
- Actuaries ↗34k workers · 272 yrs covered
Latest tool eraGenerative AI for actuarial memos, IFRS 17 reporting, and reserve narratives
Architecture & Engineering3 roles
- Civil Engineers ↗369k workers · 240 yrs covered
Latest tool eraIIJA infrastructure buildout + Autodesk Forma generative AI + climate-resilience engineering
- Electrical Engineers ↗192k workers · 150 yrs covered
Latest tool eraCHIPS Act + AI-datacenter power systems + IRA electrification (infrastructure super-cycle)
- Architects, Except Landscape and Naval ↗120k workers · 177 yrs covered
Latest tool eraGenerative AI for architectural design (Midjourney, Stable Diffusion, Veras, Maket, Autodesk Forma AI, Architechtures)
Life, Physical & Social Science2 roles
- Medical Scientists, Except Epidemiologists ↗165k workers · 136 yrs covered
Latest tool eramRNA platform + AI-accelerated drug discovery + LLM research tools
- Clinical and Counseling Psychologists ↗76k workers · 155 yrs covered
Latest tool eraCOVID-19 telehealth normalization + 2024 APA AI practice guidelines
Community & Social Service4 roles
- Mental Health Counselors ↗484k workers · 126 yrs covered
Latest tool eraCOVID-19 telehealth normalization + the mental health crisis surge
- Social and Human Service Assistants ↗450k workers · 145 yrs covered
Latest tool eraARP CTC expansion + Medicaid unwinding + AI documentation tools
- Educational, Guidance, and Career Counselors and Advisors ↗376k workers · 126 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI career assessment + ChatGPT college essay controversy + ARP school MH surge
- Substance Abuse, Behavioral Disorder, and Mental Health Counselors ↗368k workers · 98 yrs covered
Latest tool eraCOVID telehealth + ARP $30B + permanent methadone telemedicine (2024)
Legal2 roles
Education, Training & Library7 roles
- Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Education ↗1.4M workers · 245 yrs covered
Latest tool eraChatGPT and AI lesson-prep tools — the administrative hour reclaimed
- Secondary School Teachers ↗1.1M workers · 213 yrs covered
Latest tool eraChatGPT and AI writing tools — the assessment integrity crisis
- Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education ↗634k workers · 125 yrs covered
Latest tool eraChatGPT and AI tutors — assessment integrity crisis at the grade band most exposed
- Preschool Teachers, Except Special Education ↗555k workers · 178 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI lesson-planning tools + AAP screen-time guidelines as a hard constraint
- Instructional Coordinators ↗233k workers · 91 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI lesson-planning tools — ChatGPT, MagicSchool AI, Brisk Teaching, Khanmigo targeting the core of the role
- Special Education Teachers, Elementary School ↗210k workers · 217 yrs covered
Latest tool eraMagic School AI (2023) + Goalbook IEP tools + Microsoft Reading Coach — AI-assisted IEP drafting
- Librarians and Media Collections Specialists ↗131k workers · 158 yrs covered
Latest tool eraGenerative AI — ChatGPT, AI research tools (Elicit, Consensus, Scite), OCLC AI cataloging
Arts, Design, Entertainment & Media7 roles
- Coaches and Scouts ↗307k workers · 165 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI talent evaluation — computer vision + large models for video scouting (Hudl/Synergy/BAM Sports)
- Graphic Designers ↗266k workers · 144 yrs covered
Latest tool eraMidjourney v6 + Sora + DALL-E 3 — photorealistic commercial AI at scale
- Musicians and Singers ↗170k workers · 169 yrs covered
Latest tool eraSuno (Dec 2023) + Udio (Apr 2024) — mass-market generative AI music
- Writers and Authors ↗135k workers · 325 yrs covered
Latest tool eraClaude + GPT-4 — long-form AI writing at publishable quality; WGA wins AI protections
- Art Directors ↗135k workers · 114 yrs covered
Latest tool eraSora video AI + Midjourney v6 — photorealistic commercial AI at scale
- Editors ↗116k workers · 325 yrs covered
Latest tool eraChatGPT / Claude — LLM writing and editing at scale; GPTZero and Originality.ai for detection
- News Analysts, Reporters, and Journalists ↗44k workers · 201 yrs covered
Latest tool eraGenerative AI — ChatGPT, DALL-E 2, Midjourney + AP/OpenAI and Axel Springer/OpenAI deals; NYT lawsuit
Healthcare Practitioners7 roles
- Registered Nurses ↗3.4M workers · 183 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAmbient AI nursing scribes — Dragon Copilot, Abridge, DAX for nurses
- Licensed Practical and Licensed Vocational Nurses ↗651k workers · 143 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAmbient AI documentation + SNF AI pilot programs (Catalia Health Mabu, smart-bed sensors)
- Pharmacy Technicians ↗470k workers · 66 yrs covered
Latest tool eraChain implosion + central-fill automation — the consolidation era
- Pharmacists ↗335k workers · 214 yrs covered
Latest tool eraChain implosion + central-fill automation — the restructuring era
- Nurse Practitioners ↗320k workers · 69 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI clinical decision support + ambient scribes (UpToDate AI, Abridge, Nuance DAX)
- Physician Assistants ↗163k workers · 69 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI clinical documentation (Nuance DAX, Abridge) + LLM decision support + prior-auth automation
- Surgical Technologists ↗116k workers · 92 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI surgical video intelligence + augmented imaging (Theator, Activ Surgical) — workflow overlay, not tech substitution
Healthcare Support4 roles
- Nursing Assistants ↗1.4M workers · 116 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAmbient AI documentation — AI speech assistants for nursing charting
- Medical Assistants ↗811k workers · 79 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAmbient AI clinical scribes — Nuance DAX (2020) → Microsoft acquisition (2022) → Abridge Series C (2024)
- Dental Assistants ↗362k workers · 149 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI dental radiograph analysis — Pearl Second Opinion + Overjet (FDA cleared 2022)
- Physical Therapist Assistants ↗112k workers · 113 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-augmented PT — motion capture, biofeedback, remote monitoring + Hinge Health IPO (2025)
Protective Service5 roles
- Security Guards ↗1.2M workers · 184 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI gunshot detection + loitering detection + Flock Safety LPR + facial recognition (pervasive AI sensing)
- Police and Sheriff's Patrol Officers ↗683k workers · 189 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAxon Draft One AI report-writer + predictive analytics (LLM augmentation era)
- Correctional Officers and Jailers ↗392k workers · 217 yrs covered
Latest tool eraCOVID staffing crisis + AI behavior-detection CCTV + decarceration policy pressure (the contraction era)
- Firefighters ↗333k workers · 298 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI thermal overlays + wildland drones (Skydio/DJI/Parrot) + IoT fire detection + AI dispatch
- Detectives and Criminal Investigators ↗118k workers · 184 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI case analysis + LLM report-writing + predictive lead scoring (generative AI era)
Food Preparation & Serving6 roles
- Waiters and Waitresses ↗2.3M workers · 207 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI phone-ordering agents + AI scheduling and tip analytics tools
- Cooks, Restaurant ↗1.2M workers · 207 yrs covered
Latest tool eraChipotle Hyphen makeline + Sweetgreen Infinite Kitchen + AI menu engineering (2023+)
- Food Preparation Workers ↗903k workers · 149 yrs covered
Latest tool eraSweetgreen Infinite Kitchen — robotic assembly integrated from design (2021 Spyce acquisition, 2023 deployment)
- Dining Room and Cafeteria Attendants and Bartender Helpers ↗527k workers · 207 yrs covered
Latest tool eraBear Robotics Servi — autonomous tray-delivery robot (founded May 2017, mass deployment 2022+)
- Cooks, Institution and Cafeteria ↗466k workers · 149 yrs covered
Latest tool eraCOVID-era grab-and-go meal distribution + post-COVID universal free school meals expansion
- Chefs and Head Cooks ↗197k workers · 245 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI menu engineering, inventory optimization, and scheduling tools
Building & Grounds Maintenance2 roles
- Janitors and Building Cleaners ↗2.4M workers · 204 yrs covered
Latest tool eraCOVID-era electrostatic sprayers + UV-C disinfection + cobot fleets
- Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners ↗1.4M workers · 334 yrs covered
Latest tool eraCOVID hospitality crash + "stayover" opt-in cleaning policy (structural demand reduction)
Personal Care & Service4 roles
- Childcare Workers ↗992k workers · 180 yrs covered
Latest tool eraParent-communication apps (Brightwheel 2014+) + AI scheduling tools (2023+)
- Hairdressers, Hairstylists, and Cosmetologists ↗575k workers · 269 yrs covered
Latest tool eraPost-COVID: suite rental model + social commerce + AI color formulation tools
- Amusement and Recreation Attendants ↗392k workers · 192 yrs covered
Latest tool eraGenie+ / Lightning Lane virtual queue (2021) + post-COVID capacity management tech
- Fitness Trainers and Instructors ↗370k workers · 138 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI form-correction + generative workout planning (Tempo, Fitbod, Future, 2023+)
Sales6 roles
- Retail Salespersons ↗3.9M workers · 176 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI shopping assistants + inventory intelligence (Shopify Magic, generative product discovery)
- Cashiers ↗3.2M workers · 155 yrs covered
Latest tool eraMobile order-ahead + AI vision checkout (McDonald's / Starbucks kiosks, Mashgin, Standard Cognition, AiFi)
- First-Line Supervisors of Retail Sales Workers ↗1.4M workers · 176 yrs covered
Latest tool eraCOVID bifurcation + AI-assisted inventory + loss-prevention technology (2020 onward)
- Securities, Commodities, and Financial Services Sales Agents ↗515k workers · 242 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI research and sales intelligence — Morgan Stanley AI Assistant, FactSet Mercury, Bloomberg AI Assist
- Real Estate Sales Agents ↗421k workers · 126 yrs covered
Latest tool eraNAR v. Sitzer/Burnett settlement (2024) + AI property tools + rate-shock market
- Travel Agents ↗66k workers · 193 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI itinerary tools — ChatGPT travel planning, Mindtrip, Expedia GenAI chatbot, Layla AI
Office & Administrative Support6 roles
- Customer Service Representatives ↗2.8M workers · 156 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI customer agents at scale — Sierra, Decagon, Klarna, GPT-4o voice
- Office Clerks, General ↗2.6M workers · 181 yrs covered
Latest tool eraLLMs and AI document processing (ChatGPT, Copilot, Hyperscience)
- Secretaries and Administrative Assistants ↗1.9M workers · 160 yrs covered
Latest tool eraLLMs in-line in the office suite (MS 365 Copilot, Gemini for Workspace)
- Bookkeeping, Accounting, and Auditing Clerks ↗1.6M workers · 284 yrs covered
Latest tool eraLLM-based bookkeeping — QuickBooks Intuit Assist, Xero JAX, BILL AI, Stampli
- Tellers ↗347k workers · 243 yrs covered
Latest tool eraCOVID branch closures + AI teller chat + relationship banking imperative
- Insurance Claims and Policy Processing Clerks ↗207k workers · 183 yrs covered
Latest tool eraGenerative AI for claims correspondence, FNOL triage, and Q&A bots
Farming, Fishing & Forestry1 role
Construction & Extraction6 roles
- Construction Laborers ↗1.5M workers · 209 yrs covered
Latest tool eraIIJA + IRA + CHIPS Act infrastructure pipeline — the decade-long demand wave
- Carpenters ↗959k workers · 153 yrs covered
Latest tool eraIRA green-building tailwinds + housing-shortage demand + modular/prefab ongoing experimentation
- Electricians ↗735k workers · 152 yrs covered
Latest tool eraInflation Reduction Act era — EV chargers, heat pumps, solar, AI datacenters
- Plumbers, Pipefitters, and Steamfitters ↗505k workers · 185 yrs covered
Latest tool eraIIJA infrastructure supercycle + EPA Lead Copper Rule 2024 + IRA heat-pump water heaters
- Operating Engineers and Other Construction Equipment Operators ↗489k workers · 199 yrs covered
Latest tool eraSemi-autonomous construction equipment (Built Robotics Exosystem 2018/2021; Komatsu Smart Construction; Caterpillar MineStar Command)
- Painters, Construction and Maintenance ↗342k workers · 147 yrs covered
Latest tool eraPainting robots — Okibo wall-painting (2022+), Apellix industrial drone (2014+), PaintJet exterior (2020+)
Installation, Maintenance & Repair3 roles
- Maintenance and Repair Workers, General ↗1.6M workers · 164 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-augmented diagnostics + smart building platforms
- Automotive Service Technicians and Mechanics ↗806k workers · 126 yrs covered
Latest tool eraBEV high-voltage service + AI-assisted diagnostics (IRA era)
- Heating, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration Mechanics and Installers ↗425k workers · 132 yrs covered
Latest tool eraHeat pump electrification wave (IRA 2022) + R-410A AIM Act phasedown (2024)
Production6 roles
- Team Assemblers ↗1.5M workers · 50 yrs covered
Latest tool eraCHIPS Act + IRA reshoring — EV gigafactories, semiconductor fabs, new demand for team assembly
- First-Line Supervisors of Production and Operating Workers ↗660k workers · 149 yrs covered
Latest tool eraCHIPS Act + IRA reshoring — new fab and battery plants, AI-assisted scheduling
- Inspectors, Testers, Sorters, Samplers, and Weighers ↗598k workers · 123 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-powered visual inspection platforms (Landing AI, Instrumental)
- Welders, Cutters, Solderers, and Brazers ↗457k workers · 153 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI arc tracking + orbital pipe robots + IIJA infrastructure demand (2021)
- Packaging and Filling Machine Operators and Tenders ↗381k workers · 126 yrs covered
Latest tool eraIoT predictive maintenance (Siemens MindSphere 2016) + AI vision quality control mainstream
- Slaughterers and Meat Packers ↗142k workers · 169 yrs covered
Latest tool eraCOVID-19 exposure crisis + robotic kill-floor R&D + USDA line-speed waivers
Transportation & Material Moving8 roles
- Laborers and Freight, Stock, and Material Movers, Hand ↗3.0M workers · 214 yrs covered
Latest tool eraNext-generation AI picking systems — Sparrow, Sequoia, Symbotic, vision robotics
- Stockers and Order Fillers ↗2.8M workers · 175 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-vision piece-picking + Symbotic at scale + BLS +8.5% projection to 2034
- Heavy and Tractor-Trailer Truck Drivers ↗2.2M workers · 138 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAurora + Kodiak — real commercial driverless freight on US highways
- Light Truck Drivers ↗1.1M workers · 127 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAmazon Rivian electric delivery vans — the zero-emission fleet buildout
- Industrial Truck and Tractor Operators ↗793k workers · 117 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-vision-guided autonomous forklifts + fleet telematics + operator-assist systems
- Packers and Packagers, Hand ↗697k workers · 149 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAmazon Sparrow (2022) + Symbotic case handling (Walmart) + vision-robotic piece picking
- Bus Drivers, School ↗387k workers · 166 yrs covered
Latest tool eraEPA Clean School Bus Program ($5B IRA) — electric bus transition begins
- Bus Drivers, Transit and Intercity ↗159k workers · 206 yrs covered
Latest tool eraCOVID-19 ridership collapse + chronic driver shortage